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There are many loopholes, and it is imperative for industrial security protection.
With the seamless integration of physical controls and electronic systems, industrial control system security has grown in importance, particularly against the backdrop of escalating security threats. As these systems are linked to critical national infrastructure and民生security, strengthening security management has become crucial. It’s essential to address the cybersecurity challenges facing industrial control systems with innovative technical solutions and enhance the overall security of industrial information systems.
The issue of industrial control system security is becoming increasingly pressing. From the standpoint of the systems themselves, advancements in computer and network technologies, along with the deep fusion of IT and OT, mean that industrial control systems now rely heavily on common protocols, generic hardware, and software accessible via public networks like the internet. This has made these systems more vulnerable to attacks, with numerous vulnerabilities emerging and security concerns becoming more acute. High-profile incidents like the 2010 "Stuxnet" virus, the 2012 "Flame" malware, and the 2014 "Havex" virus have caused significant damage to users while posing direct or indirect threats to national security. Even simpler attacks, like the one on Ukraine's power grid in 2015, can disrupt industrial control systems without requiring overly complex methods.
Despite increased attention to industrial control systems, vulnerabilities remain alarmingly prevalent. Many discovered vulnerabilities remain undisclosed due to their high value, suggesting that the actual number of vulnerabilities far exceeds reported figures. Leading vendors such as Siemens, Advantech, and Schneider Electric continue to report significant vulnerabilities, with their collective gaps accounting for nearly 30% of all industrial control system vulnerabilities.
China faces similar challenges, with incidents such as the Conficker virus infecting industrial control systems at Qilu Petrochemical and Daqing Petrochemical in 2010 and 2011, causing disruptions to control system servers and controllers.
In response to these growing concerns, industrial safety policies and standards are taking precedence. National guidelines and industry standards, such as IEC 62443, provide a framework for addressing industrial security issues. Recognized globally, this standard offers concepts, methods, and models that are referenced by countries and industries when developing their own standards. It serves as a starting point for understanding both the challenges and potential solutions in industrial security.
IEC 62443 defines industrial information security as:
A. Measures taken by the protection system;
B. The state achieved by implementing these measures to establish a protection system;
C. Being free from unauthorized access to system resources and avoiding unauthorized or unintended changes, damage, or loss;
D. Ensuring that unauthorized personnel cannot modify software or data or access system functions, while ensuring authorized access remains intact;
E. Preventing illegal or harmful intrusions into industrial control systems and interference with their proper functioning.
Looking at global trends in industrial security, the U.S. was among the first to research and implement industrial safety standards, with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation introducing CIP standards for power companies. European countries, led by Germany, began implementing industrial security based on ISO 27009 of the ISO 27000 series. Japan has mandated Achilles certification for industrial control products since 2013, and Israel has established a national industrial security product testing center.
In 2011, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released a notice emphasizing the importance of industrial control system information security management. However, the original 451 document lacked detailed operational guidance. The need for a straightforward and practical guide became evident.
In 2016, significant progress was made in China’s industrial control system information security market, particularly in laws, regulations, and standards. The Guidelines for Information Security Protection of Industrial Control Systems, issued in October 2016, outlined 11 major and 30 minor protective measures for industrial security. These guidelines offer a practical reference for implementing industrial security measures.
Companies bear the primary responsibility for industrial security. Implementing information security in large Distributed Control Systems (DCS) is relatively easier compared to Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). DCS systems are typically deployed in well-designed large facilities, following rigorous engineering standards. However, PLC systems often lack uniform design and implementation, making them more vulnerable.
To combat cyberattacks, a robust mechanism involving people, processes, and technology is essential. While many manufacturers may struggle to quickly adopt network security measures, industrial enterprises must prioritize their role in securing their systems. They must establish robust safety protocols, conduct regular assessments, and continuously update their security strategies.
Industrial security requires comprehensive protection across systems, networks, hosts, and data. Traditional point solutions are no longer sufficient. The Guidelines emphasize establishing protective capabilities across key elements such as industrial control systems, networks, mainframes, and data, significantly increasing the difficulty for attackers.
Professional training for industrial security personnel is also critical. China currently lacks professionals skilled in risk assessment and protective planning. Accelerating the development of a specialized workforce is essential to implement the Guidelines effectively.
In conclusion, as industrial systems continue to integrate with networks, enhancing cybersecurity becomes imperative. Enterprises should adopt the Guidelines to improve their industrial security posture, safeguarding critical infrastructure and ensuring operational resilience against cyber threats.